أ.د.عبدالله بخيت صالح
المؤتمر العلمي الدولي بعنوان: “دور التراث العلمي لأبي ريحان البيروني في تطوير العلوم العالمية” في الفترة من 24 إلى 27 سبتمبر 2023م
طشقند ــــ جمهورية أوزبكستان
ملخص البحث
يتناول هذا البحث “إسهامات أبو ريحان البيروني في علم الجغرافيا”. إذ يُعتبر أحد أعظم العقليات التي أنجبتها البشرية، فهو عالم موسوعي على غِرار العلماء الأوائل في مسيرة الحضارة الإنسانية الذين امتازوا بتنوع اهتماماتهم العلمية من علوم تطبيقية ونظرية وفلسفية؛ فالبيروني عالم في الجغرافيا، والجيولوجيا، والجيوديسيا، والفلك، والطب، والصيدلة، والفلسفة، والكيمياء، والفيزياء، والترجمة…وغيرها، وعاش في القرن الثالث الهجري العاشر الميلادي؛ فهو مؤسس علم الإنسان وعلم الجيوديسيا، وأول من قال: إن الأرض تدور حول محورها، وله أكثر من 120 كتابًا في جميع العلوم. وكان أيضًا معروفاً باسم البيرونيوس، كان عالمًا مُسلمًا في العصور الوُسْطَى، وأحد أبرز العلماء في عصره، وقَدَّمَ مساهمات هائلة في مجال علم الجغرافيا، وتُعْتَبَرُ أعماله من أهم الأعمال في هذا المجال، ومن أبرز مساهماته في علم الجغرافيا كتابه “الأثر المتبقي عن الأزمنة الماضية في الجغرافيا”، والذي يُعتبر مرجعًا هامًا حتى اليوم؛ ففي هذا الكتاب قَدَّم البيروني مفهومَ الجغرافيا الفيزيائية والجغرافيا البشرية، ودرس التضاريس والمناخ والنباتات والحيوانات والسكان والثقافات في مناطق مختلفة من العالم، علاوة على ذلك قام بتطوير أداة مهمة في علم الجغرافيا وهي الأسطرلاب؛ التي تساعد في قياس الزوايا والمسافات واستُخْدِمَتْ على نِطاق واسع في الفلك والملاحة والرياضيات، وبفضل إسهاماته الرائدة ساهم البيروني في تطوير معرفتنا بالعالم وتوسيعها وفهمنا لتنوعه وتعقيداته؛ حيث ترك إرثًا علميًا هامًا وأثرًا دائمًا على مجال الجغرافيا والعلوم الأرضية بشكل عام. ويتألف البحث من مقدمة اشتملت على العناصر التالية: (الموضوع ـ الدراسات السابقة ـ أهداف البحث – تساؤلات الدراسة وفرضياتها ـ مناهج البحث وأساليبه وأدواته ـ أهم المفاهيم والمصطلحات المستخدمة في عناصر البحث ـ مصادر البحث)، وثلاثة محاور، وخاتمة ضَمَّن فيها الباحث أهم النتائج التي توصّل إليها، وعلى ضوئها قدم التوصيات، وذَيَّلَ البحث بقائمة مصادر ومراجع البحث.
Contributions Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni in geography
The international scientific conference entitled: “The Role of the Scientific Heritage of Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni in Developing Global Sciences” in the period from September 24 to 27, 2023, Tashkent – Republic of Uzbekistan
Prof. Dr. Abdallah Bakhit Saleh, Department of Geography – Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of N’Djamena, Republic of Chad.
This research, entitled “Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni’s contributions to the science of geography”, deals with it. He is considered one of the greatest mentalities that humanity has ever produced. He is an encyclopedic scientist, similar to the first scientists in the path of human civilization, who were distinguished by the diversity of their scientific interests from applied, theoretical, and philosophical sciences. Al-Biruni was a scholar of geography, geology, geodesy, astronomy, medicine, pharmacy, philosophy, chemistry, physics, and translation… and he lived in the third century AH and the tenth century AD. He is the founder of anthropology and geodesy, and the first to say that the Earth revolves around its axis. He wrote more than 120 books on all sciences. He was also known as Alberonius. He was a medieval Muslim scholar and one of the most prominent scholars of his time. He made enormous contributions to the field of geography, and his works are considered among the most important works in this field. One of his most prominent contributions to geography is his book “The Remaining Impact of Past Times in Geography,” which is considered an important reference even today. In this book, Al-Biruni introduced the concept of physical geography and human geography, and studied the terrain, climate, plants, animals, population, and cultures in different regions of the world. In addition, he developed an important tool in geography, which is the astrolabe. Which helps in measuring angles and distances and was widely used in astronomy, navigation, and mathematics. Thanks to his pioneering contributions, Al-Biruni contributed to developing and expanding our knowledge of the world and our understanding of its diversity and complexities. He left an important scientific legacy and a lasting impact on the field of geography and earth sciences in general. The research consists of an introduction that includes the following elements: (topic – previous studies – research objectives – study questions and hypotheses – research methods, methods and tools – the most important concepts and terminology used in the research elements – research sources), three axes, and a conclusion in which the researcher includes the most important results reached. In light of them, he made recommendations and appended the research with a list of sources And research references.
Abstract:
research results:
Studying Al-Biruni’s contributions to the science of geography leads to many important results, including:
1. Expanding the scope of geographical knowledge: Al-Biruni contributed to expanding geographical knowledge through his description of countries, cities, and cultures in the Islamic world and the ancient world. He also provided information about geographical places and landmarks in the Islamic world and the ancient world.
2. The development of the scientific method: Al-Biruni contributed to the development of the scientific method in geography, and presented the principles and laws of geography and its classifications. Which contributed to organizing knowledge and achieving progress in this field.
3. Documenting geographical changes: Al-Biruni provided detailed documentation of the geographical changes that occurred over time. Which helped in understanding the development of places, cultures and societies throughout the ages.
4. Focus on the cultural and social aspects: It is one of the most important foundations of geography laid down by Al-Biruni, as it focuses on the cultural and social aspects of places and societies, and provides a detailed description of the cultures and cultural landmarks in the Islamic world and the ancient world.
5. Strengthening cultural interaction: Al-Biruni contributed to strengthening cultural interaction between the East and the West. This is done by transferring knowledge and information between different cultures.
His works contributed to spreading geographical knowledge and enhancing understanding between peoples.
These are some of the important results that we emerge from studying Al-Biruni’s contributions to the science of geography. These findings can be useful in understanding the development of geography and its impact on our understanding of the geographical world.
Recommendations:
From studying Al-Biruni’s contributions to the science of geography, we can extract some important recommendations, including:
1. Interest in documenting geographical changes: Geographers and researchers in this field should pay attention to documenting geographical changes that occur over time, whether in geographical places or in cultures and societies.
2. Focus on cultural and social aspects: Cultural and social aspects should have a pivotal role in the study of geography, and researchers should take into account the influence of cultural and social factors on the formation of places and societies.
3. Strengthening cultural interaction and knowledge exchange: Cultural interaction between different peoples and cultures should be strengthened, and the exchange of knowledge and information in the field of geography should be strengthened, and this can contribute to enhancing understanding and cooperation between cultures.
4. Developing the scientific method in geography: Researchers and scientists in geography must work to develop the scientific method in this field. This is done by applying strict scientific principles and laws and organized classifications of geographical knowledge.
5. Benefiting from modern technology: Researchers in geography should benefit from modern technology, such as: geographic information systems and remote sensing. To collect and analyze geographic data more accurately and effectively.
These are some recommendations that can be extracted from studying Al-Biruni’s contributions to the science of geography. These recommendations can also contribute to developing and improving the field of geography and using it to better understand the geographical world.
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